Literature and society is relating each other. A literary work, such as novel, emerges from society and social condition. A Study in Scarlet is a famous novel about detective story. Its author’s life, surely has an important role to this novel. The objective of this research is to analyze socialogical condition of Conan Doyle. This analysis takes the data from novel A Study in Scarlet written by Conan Doyle. The supported theories collected through library and internet research. The researchers uses descriptive qualitative method in analyzing this novel. Result of this analysis are, first, sociological background of Conan Doyle are; a 28 years old man, live in London, study of medicine, live good in the middle class of economic and work as a surgeon and researchers. Second, Conan Doyle’s reason in writing this novel are for beauty, foraging and imitate other’s behavior. Third, Conan Doyle’s social condition relates to the setting of this novel. Setting of place mostly in London, setting of time commonly in war time and setting of social concerns with war condition.